Saturday 15 November 2014

Communication and Mass Media lecture

Mass media- A means of public communication reaching a large audience in a short space of time through television, newspapers, magazines and radio.

In art and design, mass media is portrayed as VISUAL COMMUNICATION/COMMUNICATION DESIGN and GRAPHIC DESIGN, the latter including:

  • Typography
  • Advertising
  • Printed Media
  • Social Commentry/activism
  • Branding
  • Propaganda
  • Packaging
Like most areas of art and design or communication, vis com originated from early cave paintings and fine art. In the earlier eras art was a common form of visual communication due population being predominantly illiterate. 

In the 19th and 20th century, it was common for advertisements to be created by adding text to a piece of fine art or painting.

Graphic Design is a relatively young term introduced by William Addison Dwiggins. Other practitioners thought of their own interpretations for example:

Max Bill and Josef Muller-Brockman: 'Visual Communication'

Richard Hollis: 'Graphic Design is the business of making or choosing marks and arranging them on a surface to convey an idea'


Paul Rand: '..graphic design, in the end, deals with the spectator, and because it is the goal of the designer to be persuasive or at least informative, it follows that the designers problems are twofold: to anticipate the spectators reactions and to meet his own aesthetic needs'.



Early Graphic Design was more about advertising; a lot of the time for events.
Alphonse Mucha, Job, 1898, Poster for cigarette papers
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Aristide Bruant, 1893, poster

Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Scottish Musical Review, 1896, poster
Graphic design was highly intertwined with propaganda in the 20th century wars, but artists were also employed to go out to the front line and document what was occurring in the battlefields as cameras were not highly established in this era.
Savile Lumley, Daddy, 1915, poster

A great deal of this propaganda used guilt to persuade men and women to contribute towards the war effort, creating a culture associated with cowardice if you chose not to fight.

Alfred Leete, Britons wants you, 1914, poster

James Montgomery Flagg, I want you for U.S. army, 1917, poster
German propaganda is very interesting, sticking to their routes and using gothic type in their posters to differentiate between other countries and in some ways use it as a threat. 

Julius Gipkens, Trophies of the Air War, 1917, poster

Before and during the war Graphic Design did exist other than propaganda, some key admirable pieces include:


El Lissitzky, Beat the Whites with the Rd Wedge, 1919, poster
Wassily Kandinsky (1886-1944), Composition VIII, 1923
         
F.H. Stingemore (UK),London Underground Map, 1931-2

In the post war periods, consumerism became important in order to rebuild communities. Popular culture and corporate design also arose in this period.


Some well known post war graphic designers include:


  • Paul Rand- famous for creation of logos such as 'abc'
  • Helmut Krone- Volkswagen 'think small' advert
  • Saul Bass- Horror film posters
  • James Reid- Controversial Sex Pistols poster
  • Neville Brody- 'The Face' magazine covers
  • David Carson- 'Ray Gun' magazine covers
  • Mark Farrow- 'Spiritualized' CD packaging
  • Oliviero Toscani- 'Benneton' adverts
To conclude, communication through the mass media has been predominantly pursued through Graphic Design, a fairly new term, that has been established since the late 1800s. Mass communication through pictures was considered the norm in the early days when the majority of the population was illiterate. Since then, Graphic Design has diversified into many different areas, serving many different purposes. 










Wednesday 5 November 2014

Illustration Lecture

Illustration is not a chronology. It can be described as pictures at work, illustration in action or emotional experience of image.

Illustration doesn't exist unless its applied to something. In other words, a drawing of a dog isn't an illustration. It is a drawing of a dog.

Illustration can also be defined as 'strategic image making used within the context of visual communication to convey meaning or concept'.

Style is a little bit of a taboo word in illustration. It is better to refer to an illustrators tone of voice, the way that illustrators personally inform success as an applied artist. It is also important to focus on the aesthetic of the image, and how that communicates the message, as well as the emotional impact experienced by the viewer.

Some well known illustrators:


Chrissie Macdonald- 3D Illustration

Jilian Tamaki- Wildlife campaign

Laura Carlin- Domestic abuse isolation

Malika Favre- bold geometric style
Marc Boutavant- Renown for children's illustrations

Micheal Gillette- James Bond cover illustrations











To conclude, there are many fantastic, different and diverse illustrators out there, but what makes a great illustrator is one that communicates meaning effectively, applies emotion through their work, and has a strong tone of voice.

Discourse Analysis with Reference

‘Mental Health Apps’ was produced in 2012 as an editorial illustration for the cover of the mental health magazine ‘Therapy Today’. At present, technology is rapidly on the increase in terms of development and consumer usage, where by instance mobile phone apps are being created for almost every purpose. This image illustrates future prospects of apps being used for Cognitive Behaviour Therapies used to treat people suffering from mental health problems. ‘Enhancement enthusiasts argue that you are a single total being, that your mind is shaped by the machine it inhabits’(Moore,2008:46)
Lowndes states that most of his work consists of the process of transferring hand drawn images to digital format and digital tools including adobe photoshop and illustrator to enhance the initial sketches.  Therapy today is the official journal of the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy, and this particular image features on the front of the magazine of the April 2012 Issue 3 Volume 23 copy to accompany the feature article by Phil Topham entitled ‘Making People Appy’.  In terms of medium, Therapy today is a printed magazine predominantly edited by Sarah Browne and Catherine Jackson targeted at the audience of counselling and psychotherapy professionals, and those interested in therapy. 
The image presents two burgundy silhouette forms of people sitting face to face engaging in a counselling session. The therapist on the right half of the photograph is concealed within a black outlined frame of an iPad/ tablet with a red background that matches the shade of the chair that the patient, on the left hand side is sitting in. The main background and frame of the image consists of a plain teal square, which contrasts with the shades of red.
The therapist concealed within the iPad illustrates the subject of the article: future prospects for apps being created to help people suffering from mental health problems, as opposed to actually physically going to a counselling session. ‘The world of the future will be an ever more demanding struggle against the limitations of our own intelligence, not a comfortable hammock in which we can lie down to be waited upon by robot slaves’(Barbrook,2007:46) The title of the article, ‘Making People Appy’ is a play on words meaning that the general use of apps is rapidly increasing, and the concept that going to see a councillor is ultimately a solution to a problem, resulting in being happier. ‘Anxiety is the most common of psychological complaints, not only the clinical condition that applies to the most people,but its often said, a universal and insoluble feature of modern life’ (Smith,2013:4)
In some ways you could argue that the image presents a message that in years to come apps will have more value than people themselves, in terms of creating an app to provide a function that a human would normally carry out, in this instant being a psychotherapist. ‘does the mass media have a significant amount of power over its audience,or does the audience ultimately have more power than the media’(Gauntlett,2008:22)
In terms of apps having more value than people, this analogy relates to (fig. 1), a street painting by Banksy of a child reacting badly to a lack of popularity/attention from gaining no ‘likes’ on an instagram photo. The level of importance and value in the amount of ‘likes’ gained on a photo posted on a social media site could arguably be on the same level as being bullied or left alone in the school playground.
This also relates to (fig.3), referencing back to the fact that technology may start to replace jobs that people can carry out,represented by showing a cross section of an iPhone with human organs bulging out instead of technological components.
As a generalisation, society  is becoming more isolated and engaged with their mobile phones as opposed to going and finding things out for themselves, and actually communicating with others because it is simply easier and quicker to reach into their pockets, pull out a mobile phone and solve the issue almost instantly with the push of a few buttons. ‘Spirituality is committing suicide. Consciousness is attempting to will itself out of existence’(Smith,2010:20) (Fig.4) illustrates a brainwashed community in which technology comes before human nature and logic, and showing the human race focusing solely on their mobile phones without thinking for themselves.
The words that I associate with this illustration include: therapy, counselling, technology, future, apps, society, replacement and isolation, which is a mixture of verbs and adjectives. These common features suggest a theme of future prospects for society, resulting in a futuristic, preparatory language being used in logic that we can’t control or don’t know what will happen in the future. The idea of isolation and loneliness could be linked to both (fig.2) and (fig.5) both showing ‘facebook’ isolation; in other words seeing the worlds seeing the world through social media instead of a ‘real world’ experience. Everyone secluding themselves in their own personal bubbles and living behind a screen. This kind of lifestyle is rapidly on the increase and could be a projection for what society might be like in the future.
In conclusion, ‘Mental Health Apps’ is an editorial piece of illustration designed for the cover of ‘Therapy Today’ magazine to draw attention to the feature article entitled ‘Making People Appy’. In a simplistic and direct form, the image communicates the prospects of apps being created in the future to aid people suffering from mental health issues. On a wider scale, this relates to current issues of people engaging more with technology than people themselves, and the idea of apps replacing human functions and society as a whole becoming more isolated.
Fig.1
Fig.2
Fig.3

Fig.4

Fig.5
Bibliograpghy

Fig.1 Banksy(2014)’social media’[street art] available from
Fig.2 Sounas,I(n.d)’facebook isolation’[illustration] available from
Fig.3 Pieterson,M(2011)’the anatomy of technology’[illustration] available from
Fig.4 Klaranbeek,J(2013)’passive’[illustration] available from
Fig.5 Kuczynski,P(2012)n/a[illustration] available from

Smith,Z.(2010)’you are not a gadget’,London,Penguin Book
Gauntlett,D.(2008)’media gender and identity, an introduction’,Cornwall,TJ International
Moore,P.(2008)’enhancing me-the hope and hype of human enhancement’, John Wiley& Sons Ltd, Chichester
Barbrook,R.(2007)’imaginary futures’London,Pluto Press
Smith,D.(2012)’monkey mind’New York,Simon&Schuster Paperbacks


Tuesday 4 November 2014

Print Lecture

Print is basically ink being applied to a surface and transferred to another, which can be done by engraving onto a block or plate.

Printing has been around for a long, long time. Generally, things have more meaning and sometimes more value if they have physical existence, i.e. printed out as opposed to seeing something on a screen.

It evolved in eastern culture around 200 AD, various themes would come through for example woodcut onto cloth. Many prints started to become artefacts, representing religion capturing information and beliefs. Gradually the word spread about print and western people began the process in 1400 AD. Similarly with moveable type, it was discovered in Asia in 1000, and gradually travelled west until Gutenberg's press was created in Europe in 1400.

Some more facts about type:

  • Type became heavily associated with class structure
  • By the 18th century 1000 000 000 pages were being printed every day
  • It became a method of mass communication
  • Metal type began to replace wooden type, due to the higher durability
  • In 1884 lino type revolutionised revolutionised the way newspapers worked allowing them to filter into popular culture.
  • Before the invention of type, newspapers only had 8 pages!
  • Print doesn't lie
Going back to class structure, in the 1900s mass communication seemed to trickle from the upper class right down to the working class in the context of people having the most money shouting the loudest. In particular this included the creation of war propaganda posters, and using print to push and manipulate people to join the war. All of this needed print making.

In the 1930's, mid war, people tended to make decisions based on things looking nice. Germany was very cunning at this, which showed in their cleverly designed propaganda posters. Literacy was really starting to grow in this era, as well as visual literacy, as it didn't matter if you couldn't read due to the pictures being so informative.

In the 1940's screen print began to evolve, as well as tabloid newspapers which weren't such a good thing. As print was so heavily trusted by any reader, tabloid newspapers and other publishers began to notice this trait and produce articles to exploit its readers into misinterpreting manipulated information. Which still happens to this day.